One Easy Way To Deepen Any Emotional Moment - Freewrite Store

One Easy Way To Deepen Any Emotional Moment - Freewrite Store As storytellers, we become very aware of certain buzzwords as they tend to be threaded into most writing articles, workshops, and how-to books. Show don’t tell, tension, conflict, backstory†¦these are all important concepts that come up again and again because they don’t belong in one box labelled â€Å"Plot† or â€Å"Character.† Of these buzzwords, one stands above the rest: emotion. Emotion is the powerful current that flows through every part of our story, from the plot and characters to the setting, pacing, theme†¦and beyond. It touches everything, giving all layers of our story a deeper meaning, and most importantly of all, it connects readers to our characters via empathy. If we can’t create that empathy link where readers feel emotionally invested in what’s happening, the book will close and the reader will move on. So learning how to write emotion well is probably our top job as writers. The key to empathy is really very simple: draw from the real world in a way that creates an instant (and powerful) sense of emotional recognition. In other words, write about things that are true to life and important to readers. Things they themselves have experienced and felt. In this way, we can encourage â€Å"shared experiences† where the reader isn’t just following along, but actively engaging to the point where they feel something deep and meaningful themselves. There are many ways to sharpen the emotional impact of a scene. Here’s one that is often overlooked. Emotions In Conflict If there’s one thing we know about the real world, it is that life is never simple, and this trickles right down to our basic emotions. Life would be so much easier if we could always define exactly what we feel in every moment, and be able to act on these emotions. The thing is, often we can’t because we are feeling several things at once, and of these, some are in conflict. Let’s look at a familiar scenario for writers: You’ve worked like crazy to hone your craft. You’ve read novels by the bookcase, put hundreds of hours in front of the keyboard, taken workshops, joined critique groups, studied and queried, and finally†¦you’ve sold your first book! All the hard work and the heartache along the way was worth it: a contract, an advance, a release date. Huzzah! You should feel ecstatic at attaining your goal, right? Yeah†¦no.    Instead, you feel a mixture of joy, pride, vindication, worry, doubt, and fear. Why? Because while your passion and dedication paid off, now you’re faced with what’s next: a contract means expectations, responsibilities, and deadlines. What if you blow the edits? What if the book fails to sell well? What if you screw up the follow-up book your publisher also contracted?Suddenly this crowning achievement also becomes a trip into the deepest reaches of your insecurity as you question whether you’re ready for the stress and pressure of the task ahead.   Conflicting emotions are part of our every day, making them part of the reader’s every day, too. During any emotional moment, we feel a range of things. And yet often in fiction, the emotional experience we deliver is one-note, a single emotion. We describe the character as being happy though body language, internal sensations, dialogue, and POV thoughts. Or, if we provide an emotional range, it is a complementary one, where we show a character happy and grateful and peaceful all rolled into one. Emotional experiences are usually complex, and contain both positive and negative elements. A character buying their first car is probably almost jittery-excited to drive it off the lot so they can cruise by their friend’s house and show it off. But if we dig deeper, maybe instead of going full-out, pedal to the floor, they’re driving a bit more cautiously. Why? Because getting into an accident isn’t an option. They extended themselves all the way to buy this car and can’t afford to replace it. In fact, maybe the euphoric rush of this new radical ride dims a little as they start to worry about how to afford the payments. The character doesn’t always get along with his boss, and while he gripes about work (what twenty-something doesn’t?) now maybe he has a bit of newfound gratitude toward his employer. The character realizes he’s lucky to have the job, and maybe he should put in more effort to make sure he keeps it.   Like this situation, emotions affect thought and action.When conflicting emotions are involved, it creates a mesmerizing push-and pull effect that readers latch onto because they know exactly what it’s like to feel opposing things and the dilemmas that sometimes result. Your Turn! The next time you sit down to write the emotional progression of a scene, challenge yourself to include some of the other emotions bubbling beneath the surface. Showing a few hints of conflicting behavior (such as wanting to let ‘er rip to see what a new car is capable of but driving sensibly instead) can be a natural gateway allowing you to introduce opposing emotions to readers. Angela Ackerman is a writing coach, international speaker, and co-author of five bestselling books including, The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writer’s Guide to Character Expression. Her popular guides are available in six languages, are sourced by US universities, and are used by novelists, screenwriters, editors, and psychologists around the world. Angela is also the co-founder of the popular site Writers Helping Writers, as well as One Stop for Writers, an innovative online library filled with tools and resources to help writers elevate their storytelling. She would love you to visit sometime, and registration is always free.

How to Grow Orange Potassium Dichromate Crystals

How to Grow Orange Potassium Dichromate Crystals If youve mastered basic crystals, try growing an orange potassium dichromate crystal. Usually you have to use food coloring to get an orange crystal, but this crystal color is natural. Materials Potassium dichromateDistilled water Time Required Hours for seed crystal, weeks for larger single crystal What You Do Dissolve as much potassium dichromate as you can in warm water.Filter the solution, cover it, and allow it to sit undisturbed for several hours or until growth is observed. Alternatively, you could produce a seed crystal by evaporating a few drops of this solution in a shallow dish.You can grow a mass of crystals by just allowing the solution to evaporate, but for a large single crystal, decant the solution into a clean container whenever you notice growth other than on your seed crystal(s).You can control the growth of your crystal by changing the temperature of the solution or by controlling the rate of evaporation by the type of cover you put on the container (e.g., coffee filter has free airflow, sealing the container with plastic doesnt).The resulting crystals will be bright orange rectangular prisms.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Keywords: strategy, five forces, entrants, analysis, differentiation, Porter, Â   focus, competitors, substitutes, buyers, suppliers, cost leadership, competitive, method, framework, bargaining, rivalry The significance of strategy formulation by firms is coping with competition. Every firm competing in an industry has either an explicit or implicit competitive strategy. Strategies may have been developed specifically through a planning process or may have developed inherently through tasks carried out by various functional departments of a firm. Each functional department implements approaches directed by its professional direction and the motivation of those in charge. Developing a competitive strategy involves developing an extensive method for how a business is going to compete in an industry, what the objectives of that business will be and what approaches will be needed to achieve those objectives. According to porter, there are five competitive forces that form every industry and every market. The five forces model analyzes the environment in which a business operates to gain competitive advantage. The five forces include the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products and services and rivalry among industry competitors. These forces drive the magnitude of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Corporate strategy aims to modify these forces in a way that promotes the position of a business. Competition within an industry is more intense when new companies have easy means of entering the industry. Several barriers of entry can be implemented to limit the threat of new entrants. These barriers include loyalty to major brands, high fixed costs, and scarcity of resources, incentives for using a specific buyer, government legislation, brand equity, switching costs, patents, economies of product differences, capital requirements, access to dist ribution, absolute cost advantages, learning curve advantages and anticipated retaliation from incumbents. Higher entry barriers lead to higher profits. Suppliers with large enough impact to affect a company’s margins and volumes hold substantial power. Suppliers can place pressure on a business for a range of reasons. They include existence of few suppliers for a particular product, lack of substitutes, products that buyers cannot do without, supplying industries with higher profitability than buying industries, Supplier switching costs being relative to a firms switching costs, presence of substitute inputs, degree of differentiation of inputs and cost of inputs relative to the selling price of the product. Firms can reduce the power of suppliers by diversifying their range of products, standardizing products and supplying some needs from within. Buyers compete with a firm for added value in the value chain, this drives down the prices obtained by a firm. Buyers have power when there are a small number of them, they purchase in large volumes, they cannot do without the product, switching to another competitive product is simple, they are price sensitive and when their switching costs are relative to a firms switching costs. Buyers can be lesser threats when there is a threat of forward integration from the firm. They are less powerful when a product or service is

Environment, More Than Genetics, Shapes Immune System Coursework

Environment, More Than Genetics, Shapes Immune System - Coursework Example It was apparent that some people react strongly to vaccines than others, which causes the production of extra antibodies (Conover, n.p). This explains the variations experienced in the genetic setup of individuals, including identical twins. The article provided additional insights into this week’s reading because it explained the circumstances that influence variability in responses to vaccines. This is because it contains experimental findings that were attained by professional immunologists. The research presented in this article demonstrates a significant advancement in the field because it highlights the various aspects that cause bodies to react separately to antibody production. This is a further advancement in the field to expose more elements that influence reactions to vaccines. The one concern that came to mind after reading the article is how identical twins can record different variations, yet their genetic structure is similar. It does not differentiate from the fraternal twins who can possess varying genetic compositions.

Food and beverage sector in the consumption service

Food and beverage sector in the consumption service The service consists of four categories which are people processing (direct at a customer), possession processing (direct at customers physical possessions), mental stimulus processing (direct at peoples mind), and information processing (use technology direct at a customers assets). The people and possession processing are based on tangible service while the mental stimulus and information processing are based on intangible service. In this assignment we choose the food and beverage sector in the service consumption which is based on people processing service. This is a common sector on worldwide. It is the daily routine and needs for everyone. In this sector, different people have different tastes of food, so it will split into different food and beverage sector such as Western, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and other foods form different countries. As a customer, we have three-stage model of service consumption in buying and using a service of our choice, which are pre-purchase stage, service encounter, and post-purchase stage. The Secret Sanctuary is the restaurant that we are chosen. It not just provided the food and beverage service, it also provide the accommodation service. Actually, it is called Secret Sanctuary Boutique Cottage Kuching and created by Cyril Lim. The Secret Sanctuary is a unique boutique cottage located inside Taman Stutong Indah at Jalan Setia Raja (JG blogs 2009). It is like Minangkabau or Padang style house and exotic garden. The Secret Sanctuary is a peaceful garden because it provides a great place for a quiet retreat to get away from the hectic busy city life (JG blogs 2009). This place is for customers to find inner peace, creativity, beauty, love and truth (Travel Borneo Blog 2010). The Secret Sanctuary classifies as a three star hotel, that provides room service, restaurant service, and facilities available service which is waterfall pool, Jacuzzi, stream room, fish spa, open air hot tub, garden shower, gym, Wi-Fi access, and BBQ. For the facilities available service, they jus t provide to those customer who wish to pay RM30 per person (RM15 per children) for the charged of use the facilities available (Cyril 2010). The Secret Sanctuary provides the restaurant service to the guests and also the outsider customers. The foods of its restaurant are based on western foods. THE THREE-STAGE MODEL OF SERVICE CONSUMPTION Pre-purchase stage The pre-purchase is first stage model of service consumption. Pre-purchase is defined as a series of information acquires according to consumer-specific decision making evaluation, which recognize salient information from different resources depending on situation (Hoffman, 1998). Pre-purchase can also being defined as customer decision on their initial decision making pertaining to their purchase of a product or service that being reflected by their underlying needs (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). At pre-purchase stage, we start to be aware of our needs and wants. Such awareness of our needs and wants enable further consideration into the decision making process in later stage, service encounter. It also enables a further implementation of information search and alternative evaluation in pre purchase stage. We awareness needs a restaurant for our friendship reunion and we wants provide the western food and beverage services. This tangible service is based on people processing that provide service directed at the customer. Under information search stage, it plays a relative important role in defining our needs and wants as discussed earlier. When we decide what to the service needed, we will seek for information prior our consumption. Such information search can either be active or passive, depending on the level of involvement and perceived risk associated to the search of information. Active and passive information search normally provided by family, friends, colleagues, advertisement, mass media or organization. For our information search, that is provided by our friends. In addition, information search can also come from both internal and external sources. For example of internal information search are personal preferences and self involvement. Oppositely, external information search such as internet, catalog, and advertisement. Such purchase of service is considered limited decision making mainly because consumers unlikely will purchase such service on the daily basis. This also define the level o f low involvement consumer have on purchasing such service. We information search also come from internet search and Privilege Book which can provide our restaurants information and the environment. Apart from information search and awareness of our needs in consumption service, at pre-purchase stage, we also do alternatives search. Such alternative search enables us to have more choices on our consumption. When we from information search, we have three alternative choices which are Tray Cafe, Secret Sanctuary, and Friends n Family. At this stage, we are concern on our choices between different service provided by both Secret Sanctuary and its competitors which are Tray Cafe and Friends n Family. We not only evaluate the service provided by Secret Sanctuary, but also similar service provided by other competing service providers. Tray Cafe is a memories restaurant that they provide a wall to let customers write down their comments and inside the restaurants memories. But the Tray Cafe does not have a seat to provide a group customers seat on together. However, the Friends n Family is an ordinary western food restaurant and they provide less choice of the food and beverage. As for Secret Sanctuary, it not just a restaurant, it also is a unique Boutique Cottage. The Secret Sanctuary has a graceful environment provide to customers. It can provide a seat like a peaceful garden for our friendship reunion. For our decision making, we are discussing on Facebook and compare the entire three restaurants. After discussion, we are decide to choose the Secret Sanctuary because its service and environment provide be close to our needs Service encounter After making a pre-purchase decision, we will consume a service encounter of the Secret Sanctuary. A service encounter is a period of time during the customer interacts directly with a service provider. Secret Sanctuary is providing us the tangible service (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). The service encounters as moment of truth which is metaphor by Richard Normann. The point of Normann is a service organizations life of the relationship that is at stake on building long-term relationships with their customers (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). The Secret Sanctuary is our decision for friendship reunion place. The Secret Sanctuary is our decision for friendship reunion place. We requests from them to provide the food and beverage service and the happy environment possess a peaceful sanctuary for away from the hectic busy city life and also providing a memorable reunion for us. Throughout service delivery between customers and organization that consists of different level of services which is high-contact services and low-contact services. Most of the restaurants are focuses on customers service rather than inanimate objects (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). But, Secret Sanctuary is focuses on customers service and also the exterior and interior of its building, equipment, physical facilities and furnishing. Secret Sanctuary not only a restaurant, it also is a boutique cottage. It provide a garden style home-stay, is a great place for us because we does not feel the hectic busy city life but a peaceful garden. It is providing high-contact service on their environment and the facilities to their customers. For their low-contact service as customers undertake the self-service on beverage and take order. To conceptualize the service factory as a system that integrated marketing, operations, and customers themselves. It is known as the servuction system which is combining the terms service and production. This conceptual framework to embrace three overlapping elements, there are service operations, service delivery and service marketing system (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). The service operations can be divided into those relating to the service provider and those relating to the tangible services such as equipment and physical facilities (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). The Secret Sanctuary is satisfied our requirement because it provides us a graceful and freedom environment (high-contact service). In Secret Sanctuary, we needs to go their bar counter and take an order by self (low-contact service). Service delivery is concerned with the process of delivery between the product service and customer (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). During the service delivery, the customer will start evaluating the quality of service they are receiving and deciding whether its services meet their expectation. The Secret Sanctuary is a restaurant to provide the western foods. For their restaurant services, they does no provide the service delivery on beverage which is undertake our self-service from their bar counter. But, they were providing the food delivery service on customer seat. In addition, they have prepare a book in the bar counter which is for customer to write down their feeling of the Secret Sanctuary and leave down the contact number, so they can inform them to come their event together. The service marketing system of Secret Sanctuary is a full-service of accommodation and restaurant. The Secret Sanctuary is providing the best facilities to attract customer such as waterfall pool, fish spa, BBQ, and Wi-Fi access. Additional service encounter, they are through their sites to introduce their services and also provide the map of their place. Post-purchase stage After service encounter, we then enter the post-purchase phase. During the post purchase stage, we will evaluate the service performance that we have received and compare it with our prior expectations (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). Post purchase produce satisfaction and loyalty, which are aim of most marketing strategies. The product is evaluated to dissatisfaction or satisfaction. If it is dissatisfaction, customer may produce complaints. The complaints must be handling properly to reserve dissatisfaction. If it is satisfaction, loyalty may perform and the customer is committed to the service. Comparison of the Secret Sanctuarys service performance with our received and prior expectations, it satisfied our prior expectations. Whatever it is expensive than Tray Cafe and Friends n Family, but it provide us the foods service with the best behavior of their employees, comfortable and graceful environment. Therefore, we are satisfaction its employees service behavior and the environment provided. Post purchase dissonance is a doubt or anxiety about the correctness of ones decision after a purchase has been made (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). Customers satisfaction is a purpose of the proximity between the customers expectations and the services perceived performance. If the performance is below the customers expectations, then the customer will be dissatisfied and will suffer the consequences resulting from the mismatch. Dissatisfied customers will reduce the cognitive dissonance and customer will exhibits risk-reducing behavior. Although the Secret Sanctuary satisfied our expectations, but if we were go frequently that prices provide is expensive for us. So, we will loyal in occasionally. Customers may attempt to modify the facts of the purchase scenario, mostly by reducing the proposed price paid for the goods when it meets dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction is the feeling experienced by a customer whose expectations have not been met by a service. However, the purchase has resulted in complete dissatisfaction and goods returning are not probable, this strategy is to hide the good away in an attempt to forget about the purchase. On the other hand, word-of-mouth (WOM) plays an important role in the advertising. Word-of-mouth is used to reduce the cognitive dissonance following a major purchase decision. Nevertheless, word-of-mouth serves functions of ego defense otherwise as a means of enhancing the status of the information giver, as well as dissonance reduction. Purchase satisfaction is the ultimate goal of marketing. It results when perceptions of product performance match expectations that are at, or above, the minimum desired performance level (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). It happens when the purchase expectations are fulfilled; there is a tendency for customers to repurchase and loyalty to the services. Repeat purchase is a pattern of customer behavior that involves the purchase of the same product or services over time (Lovelock Wirtz 2004). However, consumers develop certain expectations about the ability of a product to fulfill instrumental and symbolic needs. If the services meet the needs, satisfaction is likely to result. In the other round, if the expectations are not meet, dissatisfaction is being experiences. In this case, we are satisfied about the services provided by Secret Sanctuary. Secret Sanctuary provided us the delicious food and a garden style home-stay for our reunion. In addition, it is a great place for a quiet retreat to get away from our hectic busy city life, so, it let us enjoyed and relax for our reunion on this place (Travel Borneo Blog 2010). The owner of Secret Sanctuary (Cyril Lim) ever said that, this little cottage is also for those who want to enjoy the sights and sounds of this hidden island paradise. This place will give an ambience of local culture as well as Zen living all under one roof (Travel Borneo Blog 2010). While in our future intention, we cannot go there frequently. Our reason is although the Secret Sanctuary provides us the satisfaction services but their price of food and beverage are expensive, so, we do not have ability to go there frequently. However, we will go there occasionally. CONCLUSION As a result of overall performance, we should through the three-stage model of service consumption before buying or using the service of our choice. When we decide our event, we start to be aware of our needs and wants. For we awareness our needs and wants, we enable a further implementation of information search and alternative evaluation in pre-purchase stage. After that, we enable consideration into decision making process in later stage, service encounter. During the service encounter, we will request service from our chosen supplier and service delivery. After service encounter, the customers then enter the post-purchase phase. At post-purchase stage, customers evaluate the service performance they have received and compare it with their prior expectations. Finally, the customers will make a future intentions whether they loyalty or disloyalty on their chosen supplier. As a conclusion of Secret Sanctuary, it is a unique boutique cottage for accommodation and restaurant business. It provides the service of our needs and wants. Secret Sanctuary let us to enjoy the sights and sounds of this hidden island paradise for our reunion (Travel Borneo Blog 2010). We are satisfaction about their delicious food (western food) and its building style. In future intention, we were going there occasionally because the price of food is expensive and we do not have ability to go frequently.

Systems Theory Paper

Systems Theory Paper Communication is essential in our society today. There are many different types and methods of communication that people use. Throughout life, people learn to use communication in order to interact in the everyday world. People form groups to place themselves where they think they belong in society. Whether people know they are doing it or not, they consciously or subconsciously place themselves into certain groups. There are many different reasons for people to join different groups, these being for learning, activity, personal growth, and problem solving.Members of groups must all contribute in order to complete a task. People can have both positive and negative effects on groups. There are many concepts that help people understand systems through groups. The ripple effect is an important element of systems theory. The ripple effect works as a chain reaction and spreads across the entire group. This can be either a positive or negative spread. The effect is cau sed when one person in a group effects everyone else in that same group.An example of a positive ripple effect is if a child receives a scholarship to college then that whole family will benefit positively from the news because they will be happy. The happiness will spread from the child to the rest of the family. Families are a strong form of a group because the mood or feelings of one person in the household effects the other members of the family whether positively or negatively. Another example of a positive ripple effect that I have experienced is being on a soccer team. When one person is excited about a game and determined to win, all the other team members will start the get the same feeling.The vibe of determination to win is passed on through communication. A negative effect of the ripple effect would be a spread of a disease in a certain group. If one person has a disease that is contagious then they hold the risk of passing it on to the rest of the group members. A perso nal experience that I have had of this is in grade school when one child came to school with strep throat and eventually all the members of the class ended up getting it. The ripple effect is a strong element that can be a good or bad thing for groups.Another element that is important in groups and systems is dynamic equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium deals with managing stability and change within a group. If a group doesn’t manage their equilibrium, than they will be affected negatively. However, if their equilibrium is managed than they won’t run into any problems. For example, if there is too much stability in a group than it is not healthy, and if there is too much change in a group than it can be overwhelming and things may get out of hand. There is a certain medium that a system should be at in order to promote growth and success within that group.For example, if a sports team decides to never practice than they will not grow or excel, but if they practice too muc h than they will be tired for the game and will not perform as well. Dynamic equilibrium is an important element within systems. Finally, an essentially important element within systems is the group size and complexity. The more members that a group has, the more complex problems they are going to have to deal with. Size is a critical element in any human system. For example, even with such a basic group need to schedule meetings, as the size of the group increases, problems increase.The more people that are in a group, the more people that are not going to be able to meet on a certain date. However, there are also complexities within smaller groups. For example, people will feel more obligated to agree to whatever everyone else agrees with when the group is smaller. If there are four people in a group who all agree on one idea and the fifth person has a good idea also, that person feels pressure to comply with the rest of the group. Group size will also affect cooperation levels. T he higher number of people a group has the more people there are too cause distractions and not pay attention.Group size greatly affects the complexity within systems. Groups are extremely difficult systems to manage due to many elements. However, there are also some elements that make groups easier to manage. Systems are very complicated and most people don’t realize that they deal with them everyday. People join groups without even knowing they are joining a group. People also join groups knowing what they will have to deal with to make that system work. Groups are essential in living life and no person will ever go through life without being part of one. By Josh B

The Securities and Exchange Board of India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1867 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/) Powers of SEBI with relevant examples As explained in the above sections, SEBIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s primary motive is to protect the interests of the investors and to ensure the appropriate functioning of the securities market. Such a body without power would be a toothless tiger. SEBI enjoys ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s powers via the SEBI act 1992. Such powers were provided to SEBI in 1995 via an amendment to the SEBI act 1992. The power it obtains via the act can be categorized into 3 broad areas Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Securities and Exchange Board of India" essay for you Create order Power to Issue Directions Power to Investigate Power to Enforce (Cease Desist Proceedings) (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/) In the sections below, weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d explore each of the above areas alongwith relevant examples of the same based on information publicly available. Power to Issue Directions As per Section 11B of SEBI Act 1992, SEBI can issue directions to secure the interests of the investors and/or proper functioning of securities market or for appropriate management of entities that fall within ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambits. Such directions can be issued to individuals or companies as appropriate. SEBI can issue such directions after appropriate enquiry has been made in to the matters. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/) Some cases where SEBI has ordered such directions post enquiry have been shared below. Attachment of Deposit Money of A G Shares and Securities In an order issued on 16th Jun 2014, SEBI directed NSE to remit the deposit money of A G Shares and Securities in favour of the regulator. A G Shares and Securities had to pay SEBI towards outstanding turnover fees but it failed to do so. With this backdrop, SEBI issued the direction to NSE to ensure that it recovers the money as well as other market participants are aware of such penalties incase of such situations. This direction was issued in exercise of powers conferred under Section 28 A(1)(b), 11(2)(ia) of the SEBI Act 1992. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1402913142682.pdf) Vibgyor to refund money On 20th Feb 2014, SEBI directed Vibgyor Allied Infrastructure Ltd. to refund all the money raised by ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promoters from the investors within 3 months after factoring in the interest due assuming an interest rate of 15%. SEBI found out that Vibgyor had raised money from investors via means that were not within the statutory requirements of the law. SEBI as part of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s enquiry found out that the details of most of the investors were bogus and suspected the money used to buy such bonds were probably not coming from legitimate investors. In order to ensure that the genuine investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interests are not impacted and to ensure that the financial system is not misused, it issued such a directive to the founders of the company. (Source https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/business/story_18005038.jsp#.U58aavmSxyw) Power to Investigate As per Section 11C of SEBI Act 1992, SEBI can investigate individuals or companies to secure the interests of investors and/or to ensure appropriate functioning of the securities market. The board need not have concrete proof to start such an investigation and a reasonable doubt would suffice to initiate the investigation. As part of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investigations, SEBI can request various documents from the individuals or companies and they would be bound to provide such documentation to SEBI, which SEBI can keep upto 6 months with them. SEBI can also direct individuals to appear personally before the board or ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s representatives failing which the individual would be liable for jail upto one year or a fine of 1 Crore Rupees or both. Further any delay beyond the initial date of appearance would require the individual to pay up to 5 Lakh Rupees per day making it one of the stiffest fine under the Indian law. Such strict fines/punishment shows the power that S EBI truly enjoys. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/) In the paragraphs below, we discuss in detail cases where such investigations were carried out by SEBI. Investigate Credit Suisse for Insider Trading On 5th Jun 2014, SEBI ordered an investigation against Hong Kong based asset fund Factorial Capital Management Ltd for short selling LT Finance Holdings Ltd. SEBI had reasonable belief that Factorial had access to insider information about a possible share sale at a discounted price in future and took a heavy short position. On 13th Mar 2014, Factorial bought aggressively LT Finance Derivative at a price of Rs. 79.15/- per share. This single derivative accounted for 84.15% of the entire outstanding position causing this an obvious outlier. At the end of the day the discounted share sell announcement was made with the price fixed at Rs. 70/- per share. Factorial is accused of making close to Rs20 Crore as part of this deal. At the time of accusation, SEBI didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have concrete information to prove ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case but it had a reasonable doubt based on the transaction type and volume and the profit made by the asset management company, especially when the c ompany didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any significant exposure to this particular security before. If proven guilty, Factorial would have to pay up to 3 times the profit it made from the deal. Factorial spokesperson maintained that Factorial didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do anything wrong and they would cooperate with SEBI in the entire investigation process. Factorial has 21 days to respond to the orders of SEBI but till the time the investigation is completed, they have been barred from participating in Indian security markets. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1401975796790.pdf) Investigate for Suspicious/Insider Trading Transactions Post Election Post the 2014 Lok Sabha elections RBI, SEBI and other institutions had created different committees to monitor any suspicious or insider trading activities. On 16th May, SEBI noticed abnormal movement of the market and ordered an investigation of 30 entities that included some of the financial institutions as well as high net worth individuals. SEBI had created 2 separate committees to monitor such trades. While one of the committee was monitoring the results, another was keeping a tab on the price movement. SENSEX jumped by 2,100 points within one minute of trading and trading had to be halted to prevent a large volatility. (Source https://mg.glpublications.in/epaperpdf//1952014//1952014-md-hr-2.pdf) Investigate HDFC Mutual Fund for Front Running Before we go into the details of the case, it is important to understand the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Front Runningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the benefit of the readers. Front running means that an entity places an order in front of another entity who has a definite intent of acquiring certain specific securities. For Ex:- If entity B wants to buy 100, 000 shares of a company and someone has an advanced information about it, then another entity A could technically buy these shares before and increasing the price of the share. This would mean that entity B will be buying the securities at a higher price. Another approach could be the entity A could quote a higher price to sell similar number of quantities and make a profit. The profit would be high if entity B happens to be a large financial institution. In 2007, SEBI found occurrences of such trading by a particular dealer working for HDFC named Nilesh Kapadia in connivance with another 3 individuals. SEBI initiated a probe that last ed almost 7 years showing the determination of SEBI to uncover the truth. As part of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investigation SEBI not only gathered the details of the financial transaction but also leveraged ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to collect transcripts of the phone conversations between the individuals. In this particular case Nilesh Kapadia would tip his college mate about an upcoming trade that he will be making on behalf of HDFC so that his friend could first place the orders and in the process making a large profit that was shared between them. SEBIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s thorough investigation successfully proved the allegations and even though initially Mr. Nilesh refused of any wrongdoing he eventually told the truth when faced with irrefutable evidence that included phone conversations. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/cmorder/orderhdfc.pdf) Power to Enforce (Cease Desist Proceedings) As per Section 11D of SEBI Act 1992, SEBI can stop people or companies to trade or conduct business to secure the interests of investors and/or to ensure appropriate functioning of the securities market. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/) As explained under the above investigation section, SEBI finally barred the individuals involved in front end running frauds from participating in the Indian securities market. SEBI can bar entities from dealing in the Indian securities market even when they are under investigation like it did for Factorial. Bar Mrs. Reena Bansal from Trading On 9th Jun 2014, SEBI barred Mrs. Reena Bansal from any trading in the indian securities system as well as instructed both NSDL and CDSL not to execute any instructions from her. The order was primarily issued to prevent her from acting as a sub-broker. While she was not a registered broker with SEBI, all her transactions (buying/selling of shares as well as money transfers) had ample evidence to show that she was acting as a broker. She was issued a summon that was undelivered and since she didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respond within the stipulated time, she was barred from doing any transactions. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1402307620679.pdf) CEASE AND DESIST ORDER AGAINST DR. NALAMOTHU VENKATA KRISHNA In Nov 2009, SEBI ordered Dr. N V Krishna not to trade directly or indirectly in the India securities market. It also asked him not to issue any online or offline solicitation from public about any information or investment. What SEBI noticed in this particular case is that Dr. N V Krishna was advertising via his online blogs that he can generate high return based on his access to certain insider information. This was clearly against the interests of the market and hence SEBI barred him from participating in any transaction. (Source https://www.sebi.gov.in/cmorder/nalamothuorder.html) Conclusion In presence of a lot of fraudulent activities that happened in early nineties, it was essential that a regulator is needed to monitor the indian securities sector. Since ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inception SEBI has done a fantastic job in checking a lot of such activities and has taken a lot of individuals and companies to task. While this is worth highlighting, SEBI has also been alleged to be a bit high-handed in certain scenarios. Recently SAT sent a signal in this direction to SEBI. In conclusion, while SEBI has been doing a great job, it needs to ensure that it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t cross a lot of boundaries causing itself to get overwhelmed with counter cases and fail. India needs a regulatory body like SEBI to protect the interests of the investors as well as appropriate functioning of the stock market.